Brimstone Goes Public as ‘Fourth Great Refinery’: Product Roadmap to Include Cement, Aluminum, Steel, Titanium, Magnesium, and Other Critical Minerals

• Rock Refinery^® leverages co-production—a proven industrial strategy that has led to three great refineries (oil, fertilizers, and complex metallic sulfides) and transformed dozens of other sectors
• Will disrupt a $2.4 trillion-plus market and produce commodities accounting for more than 95% of all mined materials on Earth, reshaping global supply chains, unlocking material abundance, and improving national security

OAKLAND, Calif.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--After years of developing its patented Rock Refinery^® in stealth, Brimstone, a U.S. industrial innovator, today announced plans to co-produce steel, aluminum, magnesium, titanium, and other critical minerals, in addition to its previously announced products, portland cement, smelter grade alumina, and supplementary cementitious materials (SCM). Brimstone’s breakthrough creates an efficient, cost-effective pathway to producing the most consumed materials on Earth using the most abundant rocks on Earth as feedstock—ushering in the next generation of industrial refining.

“Brimstone’s Rock Refinery^® has the potential to fundamentally change how we produce the building blocks of civilization and prosperity, including cement, steel, and aluminum,” said Cody Finke, Brimstone CEO. “These materials represent a $2.4 trillion market and 95% of all mined materials on the planet, and today are manufactured through separate, capital-intensive processes. For the first time in history, Brimstone will produce them through a single process—cheaply, efficiently, and sustainably—transforming global supply chains and unlocking material abundance.”

Co-production is a proven strategy in heavy industry, having already reshaped dozens of commodity markets and established three great refineries: oil, fertilizers, and complex metallic sulfides (copper, platinum group metals, etc.). The massive economic advantage of the refinery co-production model—slashing costs by sharing CapEx and OpEx (a plant, equipment, energy, and feedstock) across a suite of products—helped make Exxon the largest independent oil company and Freeport the largest copper company.

Brimstone is building the fourth great refinery. Brimstone’s Rock Refinery^® will use this same strategy to produce on-spec cement, steel (iron), aluminum, and other critical materials, all from globally abundant feed rocks. The first plant will debut the minimum viable process (MVP), which will produce cement, alumina, and SCM. Future plants will deliver additional products.

Brimstone’s process elementally separates calcium-bearing silicate rocks into their constituent elements, including calcium (Ca), aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), silicon (Si), and magnesium (Mg). Today, China dominates production of Brimstone’s core products, including aluminum, steel, magnesium, and titanium. Brimstone’s feed rock is cheap and available at the surface of every continent, making production no longer constrained to a few, resource-rich countries. Today, only four countries produce enough ore to meet U.S. demand for steel, and only six can meet U.S. demand for aluminum. With Brimstone’s technology, virtually any country, including the U.S., can produce these vital materials locally at low cost.

Because Brimstone’s process uses a carbon-free rock, it avoids the CO₂ found in limestone that accounts for about 60% of the carbon emissions from incumbent cement producers. It is also energy-agnostic and fully electrifiable. When solely using clean energy and inputs, Brimstone’s carbon emissions are zero. In addition to being lower carbon than conventional processes, it’s also significantly more efficient: Brimstone’s MVP produces 7x as much product per tonne of mined material, dramatically reducing waste, tailings, and industrial blight while improving economics.

As part of the company’s future product roadmap, Brimstone will also produce magnesium, titanium, and other critical minerals, which are essential inputs for technologies such as electric vehicles, airplanes, defense equipment, batteries, and advanced manufacturing. Expanding domestic production of critical minerals has been a longstanding policy priority, including under the Trump administration, which issued the March 2025 executive order titled “Immediate Measures To Increase American Mineral Production.”

This news marks the culmination of several technical and commercial milestones for Brimstone. Its successful pilot work confirmed the superior economics of its Rock Refinery^®, its ability to produce on-spec commodities with significantly lower carbon emissions and waste, and to use 30% fewer unit operations. By exclusively using commercially available equipment (TRL 9), the pilot also minimized technical risks, leaving only process integration to de-risk before Brimstone scales.

In August 2025, Brimstone announced that Amazon had signed a commercial agreement to reserve annual volumes of Brimstone’s portland cement and SCM from its forthcoming plant. This agreement builds on successful initial testing showing that Brimstone cement performs comparably well with the conventionally produced materials used in Amazon’s buildings.

Brimstone recently appointed two seasoned leaders to its executive team: Tim Rens, a materials industry veteran, as the company’s Chief Financial Officer, and John Uhrie, a mining and metallurgy expert, as Vice President of Engineering. Together, they bring more than 60 years of combined experience across the other three great refineries—Rens in scaling companies, including raising nearly $20B across fertilizer and oil, and Uhrie in deploying new billion-dollar plants for copper-containing complex metal sulfides.

Brimstone is currently engineering its demonstration-scale plant to be constructed near Reno, Nevada, which will produce quantities of cement, alumina, and SCM.

About Brimstone:

Brimstone developed a breakthrough process to co-produce multiple industrial materials, including ordinary portland cement, supplementary cementitious materials, and smelter grade alumina. The company was founded in 2019 to develop next-generation industrial processes optimized for economics, efficiency, and sustainability. Brimstone has raised more than $80M to date from leading investors, including Breakthrough Energy Ventures, DCVC, Collaborative Fund, Amazon Climate Pledge, Fifth Wall, S2G Ventures, Acceler8, GVP Climate, Impact Science Ventures, Osage University Partners, SystemIQ, and Kajima Ventures. To learn more or get in touch, please visit Brimstone.com.